Azim Premji University has released Realising Rights: A Handbook of Welfare in India. Developed by the Centre for the Study of the Indian Economy (CSIE), the Handbook brings together 27 authors across 18 chapters and offers a rights-based analysis of India’s welfare policies and public systems.
The book is expected to contribute to informed debates on welfare policy, governance, and social justice, and underscores the importance of strengthening universal and accountable public services.
India has built one of the world’s largest welfare systems, covering a majority of its population through programmes focused on food security, health, education, nutrition, employment, and social protection. Welfare measures such as the Public Distribution System (PDS), MGNREGA, and social security transfers played a critical role in protecting vulnerable households during the COVID-19 pandemic.
The Handbook is available online at: https://azimpremjiuniversity.edu.in/publications/2026/book/realising-rights
Key messages from the Handbook include:
- State governments account for nearly 90% of India’s social sector spending, while the Union government’s share has declined from 23.6% in 2008-09 to 8.5% in 2024-25.
- Governments collectively spend about 7% of GDP and 21% of total public expenditure on welfare sectors and schemes covered in the volume.
- Public spending on education remains around 4% of GDP and health below 2% of GDP, both below policy targets.
- Rights-based interventions have significantly expanded welfare coverage:
- Anganwadi centres increased from 6 lakh to 14 lakh following Supreme Court orders.
- The National Food Security Act expanded subsidised foodgrain coverage from 36.3 crore to over 81 crore people.
- MGNREGA generated 200–300 crore person-days of employment annually, with women accounting for over 55% of employment generated.
- The rapid expansion of cash transfer programmes is reshaping welfare delivery, while increasing digitisation is creating new challenges around exclusion and accountability.
- Key programmes continue to face gaps in coverage, funding, and implementation, including maternity benefits, nutrition programmes, pensions, and healthcare.
